Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 9 Mineral and Power Resources Questions and Answers Solution, Notes by Expert Teacher Priya Verma. Karnataka Class 12 Geography Solution Chapter 9.
There are 2 Parts in Karnataka Class 12 Textbook. Here You will find Part A Fundamental of Mineral and Power Resources’s Chapter 9 Mineral and Power Resources (Major Minerals, Power Resources, Non Conventional Power Resources, Conservation and Management.).
Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 9 – Mineral and Power Resources Solution
- State – Karnataka.
- Class – 2nd PUC / Class 12
- Subject – Geography.
- Topic – Solution / Notes.
- Chapter – 12
- Chapter Name – Mineral and Power Resources.
- Subpart – Major Minerals, Power Resources, Non Conventional Power Resources, Conservation and Management.
(I) Answer the following questions in one word or sentence each
(1) Define mineral
Answer :
Minerals are Organic or inorganic substances with a definite chemical and physical property.
(2) What is ore ?
Answer :
Ore is a natural occurring, solid material from which valuable minerals can be extracted.
(3) What is mining ?
Answer :
Mining is the process of extraction of metals or nonmetals from its ore.
(4) Which is the best type of iron ore ?
Answer :
Magnetite is the best type of iron ore.
(5) Name the metal which is made of Bauxite ore
Answer :
Aluminium is made from bauxite ore.
(6) Which is called as “wonder metal of 20 Century?
Answer :
The wonder metal of the 20th century is aluminium.
(7) When and where the first gold production was started in India ?
Answer :
The first gold production started in India in 1871.
(8) Which is the largest gold producing state in India?
Answer :
The largest gold producing state of India is Karnataka.
(9) Name the atomic minerals of India
Answer :
The atomic minerals of India are uranium and thorium.
(10) Which mineral is called as Black Diamond ?
Answer :
Cool is also known as black diamond.
(11) Which type of coal is the best quality?
Answer :
The best quality of coal is anthracite.
(12) Why Jharia is famous for?
Answer :
Jharia is famous for coal production.
(13) In which state Talcher coal mine is located ?
Answer :
Talcher coal mine is located in Odisha.
(14) What are the sources of energy?
Answer :
The sources of energy are coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.
(15) What is solar energy?
Answer :
Solar energy is a renewable source of energy which is received from the Sun.
(16) What is Biogas ?
Answer :
Biogas is a renewable source of energy which is generated from Dung.
(17) What is Geothermal energy?
Answer :
Geothermal energy is a renewable source of energy which is generated from the heat deep inside the Earth.
(II) Answer the following questions in 3 to 4 sentence each
(1) Distinguish between Ore and Mineral
Answer :
Ore is a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be extracted whereas the minerals are natural substances of organic or inorganic origin with definite chemical and physical properties.
(2) What are the main types of minerals ?
Answer :
Mainly there are two types of minerals. They are metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals. Metallic minerals are of two types that are ferrous and nonferrous minerals. The non-metallic minerals are also divided into two types. They are Mineral fuels and non-mineral fuels.
(3) What are the uses of minerals ?
Answer :
Metallic minerals are majorly used for production of metals like copper, bauxite, iron etc. Whereas nonmetallic minerals are of organic or in organic origin, and they are used for generation of energy.
(4) Mention the types of coal
Answer :
Usually cool is classified into four types. They are anthracite, bituminous, lignite and Peat. Among all of them anthracite is the best variety of coal.
(5) Name the two important Gold producing regions of India
Answer :
Gold is a precious metallic mineral. The major gold producing states in India are Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Karnataka is the largest producer of gold in India.
(6) In which states of india the Gondwana coal fields are located?
Answer :
Gondwana coalfields are located in Damodar Valley. It includes the states of Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. It is the largest coal field in India in terms of reserves and production.
(7) Mention the factors necessary for Thermal Electricity.
Answer :
The factors necessary for the development of thermal electricity are availability of coal, petroleum and natural gas, supply of water and large tracts of land which are required for the construction of thermal plants.
(8) Biogas energy is suitable for rural India. How?
Answer :
Biogas is a renewable source of energy which is generated from dung. It is best suited in rural areas because of availability of milch animals and the regular supply of dung is present there. It is also a very clean and convenient fuel which can be used for cooking and lighting in rural areas.
(9) What are the forms of utilization of solar energy?
Answer :
Solar energy is a renewable source of energy which is generated from the heat energy of the sun. The three main forms of utilisation of solar energy are thermal solar power, solar photovoltaic cells and photosynthesis.
(10) Mention the states where the wind farms are located.
Answer :
Wind Farms are mostly located across Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Odisha.
(11) What are the need for no-conventional sources of energy in India?
Answer :
In India, the conventional power resources are not adequate to sustain the energy requirements. Therefore non-conventional power resources are required to meet the increasing energy requirements of India.
(III) Answer the following questions
(1) Explain the distribution and production of iron ore in India
Answer :
Iron ore is an important, ferrous, metallic ore. It is an important Raw Material for major infrastructure development in the country. There are four types of iron ore. They Are magnetite Hematite, limonite and siderite. The total estimated iron ore reserves in India are about 25,000,000,000 tonnes in 2012-13. Magnetite and Hematite or good quality iron ore which are found in Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Goa. all of these states together account for 95% of the total iron ore reserves in India. The remaining 5% is found in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and Assam. Odisha is the largest iron or producer in India and it contributes to about 40.1% of the total iron ore in India. The major iron ore deposits in Odisha are found in Sundargarh, Mayurbhanj, Cuttack, Sambalpur, Keonjhar and Koraput district. Chhattisgarh accounts for 8.3%, Jharkhand 11.4% and Karnataka 7% in the total iron ore production in India.
India is the fourth largest iron ore producing country in the world. The total production in 2012 to 2013 increased from 167 million tonnes to 143,000,000 tonnes.
(2) Give an account of the uses, distribution and production of manganese ore in India.
Answer :
Manganese is an important ferro-metal alloy, which is used for making tough and resistant steel. It is also used for making paints, varnishes, batteries, dyes , fertilisers, pottery, calico painting, medicine, black enamel et cetera. It is used in chemical industries, manufacturing of bleaching powder, electrical equipment, glass industries et cetera. It is also known as Jack of all traders. India is the second largest producer of manganese in the world after Zimbabwe. The total estimated manganese reserves in India are 406,000,000 tonnes. In terms of production, India is the fifth largest country after Brazil, Gabon, South Africa and Australia. Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh are having 99% of the total manganese reserves in India. The total production of manganese in 2010 to 2011 was 23.49 lakh tonnes. India also exports manganese to Japan, France, UK, USA, Canada and Belgium. However, a decline in exports of manganese has been witnessed in recent years.
(3) Describe the distribution, production and trade of bauxite in India.
Answer :
Bauxite is an important aluminium ore. It is also known as wonder metal of the 20th century because of its lightweight and wide use. It is majorly found in tertiary Rock deposits and is associated with laterite. The total estimated bauxite reserves in India are 2500 million tons. India has the 5th largest bauxite reserves in the world. 55.29% of the total bauxite results are found in Odisha, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Bihar and Jharkhand. Odisha accounts for 39.2% of the total bauxite production in India and it is mostly found in Kalahandi, Koraput, sundargarh, bolingir and sambhalpur district.
Chhattisgarh produces 18.4% of the total bauxite production of India. Here ores are found in Bilaspur, Durg, Surguja, and Rajagarh district. Maharashtra is the third largest bauxite producing state of India and its total contribution is 15.1%. Famous places like Ratnagiri, Kolhapur, Thana, and Satara district have most of the bauxite ore in Maharashtra.
As of 2011-12 a total of 12877 thousand tonnes of bauxite was produced in India. Which was a 13% increase from the previous evaluation period. India is presently the sixth largest producer of bauxite in the world. Whereas most of the bauxite is used in domestic aluminium production and the exports of bauxite has gradually decreased. India exports some of its bauxite ore to Italy, UK, Japan, and Germany.
(4) Explain the distribution and production of gold in India.
Answer :
Gold is a valuable metallic mineral. It has high malleability and ductility. In India gold is found in quartz veins and sands of riverbeds. Most of the gold deposits in India are found in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
Karnataka is the largest gold producing state in India and the total estimated gold reserves in Karnataka are 17.5 million tonnes. It accounts for nearly 17% of the total gold production in India. The major gold reserves are found in Kolar, Raichur, Dharwad and Hassan districts. Some gold deposits are also found in Gulbarga, Madhya, Chikikmagalore and Shivamogga districts etc. The important gold mines in Karnataka are Hutti gold field, Bellara gold field, and Tumkur gold field etc. Andhra Pradesh is the second largest gold producer in India and the total estimated gold deposits in the state are 7.06 million tonnes. It is mainly found in Ramagiri in Ananthapur district.
The total contribution of India in the world gold production is very low. India contributes about 0.78% in the total gold production in the world. India is import dependent on UK, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Germany, Belgium, Hong Kong etc for its gold requirements.
(5) Discuss the importance, the distribution and production of coal in India.
Answer :
Coal is an important carbon containing mineral fuel which is found in sedimentary rocks. It is a volatile matter which produces heat on burning. Importance of Coal-
- It contributes nearly 70% to the total commercial power production of India.
- It is the main fuel behind the running of power sector and industries. Nearly 94% of their total power requirements are met by coal energy.
- It is important for manufacturing of steel and iron.
- It is also raw material for many chemical industries and produces compounds like tar, naphthalene, ammonia gas, coal gas, benzol etc.
- It is also used in manufacturing synthetic fibres, rubber, plastic, explosives, dyes, and insecticides.
There are four types of coal found- Anthracite, bituminous, lignite and peat. Most of the coal reserves are found in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Jharkhand State of India. Presently 84.33 of the total coal production of India comes from Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh.
Chhattisgarh is the top coal producing state in India and it has the third largest coal reserves in India. Major coal producing regions in the state are Surguja, Bilaspur, and Korba. Jharkhand is the second largest state in terms of coal production and some major coal producing regions in the state are Jharia, Bokaro, Giridhi, Karnapur, Ramagarha, Auranga and Daltoganj etc. Jharia is the oldest and richest coal producing region of India. It is also known as store house of the best metallurgical coal in India. Odisha is the third largest producer of coal and ranks second in estimated coal reserves in the country. Locations like Dhenkanal, Sambalpur, and Sundergarh district are famous for coal production in the state.
According to Geological survey of India the estimated gold reserves of India are 293.50 billion tonnes and it has produced 560.90 million tonnes in 2012-13. India is the third largest coal producing country in the world after China and USA.
(6) Explain the uses and types of coal in India.
Answer :
Coal is an important carbon containing mineral fuel which is found in sedimentary rocks. It is a volatile matter which produces heat on burning. Importance of Coal-
- It contributes nearly 70% to the total commercial power production of India.
- It is the main fuel behind the running of power sector and industries. Nearly 94% of their total power requirements are met by coal energy.
- It is important for manufacturing of steel and iron.
- It is also raw material for many chemical industries and produces compounds like tar, naphthalene, ammonia gas, coal gas, benzol etc.
- It is also used in manufacturing synthetic fibres, rubber, plastic, explosives, dyes, and insecticides.
The important types of coal found are-
(a) Antharacite- It is the best variety of coal as it contains 80-90% of the carbon content. It is hard, black, and compact in nature. It ignites slowly and burins with blue flame without producing smoke. It is found in Jammu and Kashmir in India.
(b) Bituminous- It has 50-80% carbon content, and it burns quickly and produces good amount of heat. It is used as coking coal, coal gas, steam etc.
(c) Lignite- It is a low-grade coal variety. It has 40-55% of the carbon content. It is black to dark brown in colour. It produces more ash and moisture. It is used in generation of thermal power, manufacture of synthetic fibre, fertilizers etc.
(d) Peat- It has less than 40% carbon content. It is the first stage of transformation of vegetable matter into coal. It produces smoke, ash etc after burning. It is mainly used in thermal power plants, and fertilizer industry.
(7) Describe the occurrence, production and distribution of crude oil in India.
Answer :
Crude oil is also known as petroleum, rock oil or mineral oil. It is majorly found in the sedimentary rocks. It is an inflammable liquid which is composed of hydrocarbons. India does not have significant petroleum reserves and according to estimates the total oil reserves in India are 759.6 million tonnes. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu are oil producing states of India.
Bombay high is the highest oil producing region in India and it produces 42.7% of the total crude oil output of the country. It is found in continental shelf off the coast of Maharashtra. Sagarsamrat is the name given to the petroleum containing regions and it has some major oil wells like Bassein, Neelam, PannaRatna, heera etc. Assam has a estimated 172.5 tonnes of the estimated oil reserves. Digboi, Naharkatiya, Rudrasagar, Sibsagar and Hugrijin are some major oils producing regions in the state. Ankaleshwar and Cambay in Gujarat are some major oils producing regions. While Krishna Godavari delta in Andhra Pradesh and Cauvery delta in Tamil Nadu have the potential of oil and gas production.
In 2011-12 the total oil production in India was 380.9 lakh tonnes. India imports large quantities of crude oil form Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Russia, and Kazakhstan.
(8) Given account of Thermal and Nuclear Energy of India
Answer :
Thermal electricity- It is the electricity generated from fossil fuels. Coal, petroleum, and Natural gas produce thermal electricity. The initial capital required for production of thermal electricity is low compared to hydroelectricity. Availability of coal, petroleum, natural gas etc, large space for construction and abundant availability of water are some essential conditions required for the generation of thermal electricity. At present India 71.3 of the total installed capacity of India is thermal electricity and it accounts for 79.6% of the total electricity generation in the country. Some famous coal based thermal power projects are Obra, Rihind, Korba, Singrauli, Talcher etc. Some oil based thermal power projects are Naharkatiya, Dhuvarna and Ukai etc. Some gas based thermal power projects are anta in Rajasthan and Dadri and Auraiya in Uttar Pradesh.
Nuclear Power- It is generated by fission of atomic minerals like uranium, thorium, and plutonium etc. India also formulated its nuclear power programme to meet its increasing energy requirements. India has large reserves of atomic minerals like uranium and thorium. Nuclear power contributes only 3% in the total power generation in the country. The first nuclear power plant was started in Tarapur in 1969 with US assistance. Presently India has 7 nuclear power stations. Some famous ones are Tarapur nuclear power plant in Maharashtra, RanaPratapsagar in Kota Rajasthan, Kalpakkam Nuclear power plant in Tamil Nadu, Narora nuclear power plant in Uttar Pradesh etc.
(9) Describe the non-conventional energy resources in India.
Answer :
Non convention energy resources are the energy resources other than fossil fuels, and mineral oils. It includes solar energy, wind energy, biogas, tidal energy, biomass, geothermal energy etc. They are pollution free, and eco friendly sources of energy generation.
- Solarenergy– It is the heat energy captured from the sun’s radiation. India has nearly 300 to 330 clear sun days and the average amount of the solar energy received on the earth atmosphere is 1353 KW per square meter. Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Haryana etc are some of the solar energy producing states in India.
- Windenergy– It converts the mechanical energy of the blowing wind into the electrical energy. India has the fifth largest installed capacity for the wind energy generation in the world. It is majorly spread across the states like Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh etc.
- Biogas– It is the energy generated from the dung through decomposition of organic matter in the absence of air which leads to the production of methane and carbon dioxide. Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh are the two major biogas producing states in India.
- Geothermalenergy– It is the energy generated from the heat energy inside the earth. It is produced from hot springs and geysers. In India Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh states have the potential of geothermal energy generation.
- Tidalenergy– It is the energy generated from the mechanical energy of the tides. Gujarat, West Bengal, Lakshadweep, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands have the potential to tidal energy generation.
(10)Explain the conservation and management of mineral and power resources.
Answer :
Minerals are exhaustible power resources, and it takes millions of years for their formation. So, it is necessary to conserve them. Following methods are suggestible for conservation of mineral and power resources-
- New mineral exploration– Exploration of new resources for power generation from ocean beds, polar ice caps, deserts etc.
- Conservation during mining– Minerals should be conserved and any loss and damage during mining should be prevented,
- Maximum extraction– newer mining technologies should be adopted to ensure the full extraction of mined mineral.
- Multiple use of minerals– The extracted minerals should be used in multiple forms to make its extraction profitable.
- Safe handling– Extracted minerals should be handled safely and any kind of loss because of fires and accidents should be avoided.
- Alternative minerals– The minerals which are of limited in nature, should be substituted with other minerals.
- Re-use of minerals– The minerals which are of recyclable nature should be recycled and used.
● Developing alternative fuels– The fossil fuels are limited in nature so alternative or non-conventional sources of energy should be developed.