Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Model Question Paper Questions and Answers Solution, Notes by expert Geography Teacher.
(I) Answer the following in a word or a sentence each. 1×10=10
(1) What is the shape of the Earth?
Answer :
Geoid
(2) Mention the equatorial diameter of the Earth?
Answer :
The equatorial diameter of earth is 12,756 km.
(3) Give an example for Metamorphic Rock.
Answer :
Examples of metamorphic rocks are gneiss, schist, quartzite, slate, marble, graphite etc.
(4) Define Mineral.
Answer :
Minerals are inorganic natural substances which are of great economic importance.
(5) What is denudation?
Answer :
The erosion of earth crust because of various geological agents is known as denudation.
(6) What are Isotherms?
Answer :
The line joining the places of same temperature on the map is known as isotherm.
(7) One fathom is equal to how many feet?
Answer :
The habitable part of earth formed by the intersection of atmosphere, Hydrosphere and lithosphere is known as biosphere.
(8) Define the term Biosphere.
Answer :
6 feets.
(9) Name the important latitude that passes through the middle of India.
Answer :
23 ½ degree north latitude. It is also known as Tropic of Cancer
(10) Define ‘Tsunami’.
Answer :
Tsunami is a large destructive sea wave which is experienced across the coastal areas.
(II) Answer any ten of the following in two or three sentences each. 2×10=20
(11) Name any two types of Volcanoes.
Answer :
Volcano is a natural hazard in which the molten lava and magma erupts out of the crust. On the basis of their activity they are classified into active volcano, dormant volcano, and extinct volcano. On the basis of shape they are classified into stratovolcano, cinder volcano etc.
(12) What are exogenic and endogenic forces?
Answer :
Endogenic forces are the internal forces which are usually the land building forces. Whereas exogenic forces are the external forces which acts on the surface of the earth, and they are usually degradational and aggradation forces.
(13) What is air pressure? Name the instrument used to measure atmosphere pressure.
Answer :
The pressure exerted by the air column above the earth surface is known as air pressure. Barometer is the device which measures the atmospheric pressure.
(14) Give two examples for local winds.
Answer :
Blizzard, Chinook, fohn, harmattan, khamsin, loo etc are some of the local winds.
(15) What is convectional rainfall?
Answer :
During high temperature, air surrounding the earth atmosphere heats up and rises. This rising cools down the air and makes it more saturated as a result condensation happens which falls on earth as rainfall. This is known as convectional rainfall.
(16) Mention the difference between weather and climate.
Answer :
The daily change in atmospheric phenomenons is known as weather. Whereas the long term information of weather phenomena of a place is known as climate
(17) Name any two important salts present in the ocean water.
Answer :
Ocean water contains various minerals like sodium chlorine, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate, calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate etc.
(18) What is the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India?
Answer :
The Indian mainland stretches from 8o 4´N to 37o 6´N latitude and 68o7´E to 97o 25´E longitude.
(19) Name the international boundaries of India with China and Pakistan.
Answer :
The international boundary between India and Pakistan is called The Radcliffe line, and the boundary between India and China is known as McMohan line
(20) Name any four tributaries of river Cauvery.
Answer :
Arkavati, Hemvathi, Harangi, Shimsa, Lokapavanietc are the tributaries of River Cauvery.
(21) What are Natural hazards and disasters?
Answer :
Natural hazards are threats of naturally occurring events which have a negative effect on the environment. For example, floods, earthquake, tsunami etc.
(22) State the difference between flood and famine.
Answer :
Floods are natural hazards which are caused by heavy rainfall because of which a high stream of the river overflows natural banks of the river. Whereas famines happen when the rainfall is below average level.
(III) Answer any eight of the following in 25 to 30 sentences each. 5×8=40
(23) What is Geography? Explain how Geography is an integrating discipline.
Answer :
Geography is also known as science of earth because it studies the relationship between the inhabitants and the earth. It is a mid-way between the science and social science. Fundamentally it is considered as a science because it is concerned with the scientific study of the earth terrain, atmosphere, lakes, rivers, seas, oceans etc. It is also concerned with the relationship of all these factors with the human beings. Geography is also known as discipline of synthesis because it is an inter-relationship between various branches of science and social science. Scientific branches of science like Phyto geography, Hydrology, environmental geography, metrology etc have an impact on the economic, cultural and political geography of any place. Therefore, it is considered a discipline of synthesis which studies the interactions between various scientific and social factors.
(24) Explain the revolution of the Earth with its effects.
Answer :
Because of earth’s axial tilt and the revolution of earth on its orbit, the cycle of seasons are observed. Four seasons are observed on earth. They are-
- Summerseason– June 21 is the summer solstice in Northern Hemisphere. On this day sun’s direct rays fall on the Tropic of Cancer. This day marks the beginning of summer season in the Northern Hemisphere. During this period, days are longer than nights in Northern Hemisphere.
- Autumnseason– It starts from September 23, which is also known as Autumnal equinox. On this day sun’s rays directly fall above the equator. This season lasts up to December 21. In this period the natural vegetations shed their leaves.
- Winterseason– This season starts with December 21. On this day sun’s rays falls directly above the tropic of Capricorn. This is the summer season in Southern Hemisphere and winter season in Northern Hemisphere. It lasts up to March 20.
- SpringSeason– This season starts with March 21. On this day sun’s rays fall vertically above the equator. This is also known as Vernal Equinox or Spring Equinox. It marks the beginning of spring season in northern Hemisphere which continues up to June 20. While southern Hemisphere has the Autumn Season.
(25) Write a detail note on Earthquakes.
Answer :
Earthquake is a natural disaster which is caused by the sudden movement of the tectonic plates in the interior of the earth. It is caused by the sudden release of energy. The point inside the earth’s crust from where the energy has been released is known as focus and the point just above it on the earth’s crust is known as epicentre. The scientific study of earthquakes is known as seismology.
Causes of earthquakes-
- Tectonic movements- It is caused by the folding, faulting, and displacement of rocks on the earth’s crust.
- Volcanic earthquakes- These earthquakes are cause by the volcanic eruption.
- Man made causes- Earthquakes caused because of man made reasons like nuclear explosions, reservoirs, deep mining etc.
Earthquakes are considered as a natural disaster. They are measured using Richter Scale and Mercalli Scale. The destruction caused by the earthquakes depends upon the strength of the seismic waves generated. Earthquakes damage, topography, course of river, structure of mountains, underground water etc and cause huge loss to land, life and property.
(26) Name the major types of rocks and describe Sedimentary rocks.
Answer :
Rocks are the solid structures found in earth’s crust. These are formed by the aggregation of minerals. The scientific study of rocks is known as Petrology. Lithosphere is the upper most layer of the earth which is formed by rocks. There are three types of rocks-
- Igneousrocks– The rocks of volcanic origin are known as igneous rocks. They are formed in contact with lava. There are two types of igneous rocks- Intrusive igneous rocks which are formed inside the earth’s crust and the extrusive igneous rocks which are formed by the solidification of lava on the surface of earth’s crust. For example, Granite, Basalt, Gabbro etc.
- Sedimentaryrocks– The rocks which are formed by the accumulation and consolidation of sediments by the action of wind and water are known as sedimentary rocks. For example, sandstone, limestone etc.
- Metamorphicrocks– The rocks which are formed by the metamorphosis of the igneous and sedimentary rocks by the action of the increased temperature and pressure are known as metamorphic rocks. For example, Schist, Slate, marble etc.
(27) Give a detail account of the geomorphic processes.
Answer :
The natural formation of the rock and the soil on earth is known as landform. It is the natural features of the landscape, natural physical features of the earth’s surface. For example- valley, hills, plateaus, loess plain etc. Formation of these landforms happens through various geomorphic processes. Geomorphic processes are classified into two types-
- Endogenicforces– The internal forces of the earth which are responsible for the formation of various landforms on the earth are known as endogenic forces. It includes orogenic forces also known as mountain building forces, and epeirogenic forces or continent building forces.
- Exogenicforces– The external forces on the earth’s forces which are responsible for formation of various landforms are known as exogenic forces. For example, river, glacier, wind, sea waves etc.
(28) What is weathering? Explain the types of weathering.
Answer :
Weathering is the process of disintegration and decomposition of rocks. Factors responsible for mechanical weathering are temperature, frost, wind, and sea waves. There are three types of weathering- Mechanical weathering, chemical weathering, and biological weathering.
- In chemical weathering, the oxygen in rain water reacts with the rocks containing iron and produce iron oxides. This process is known as oxidation. Whereas in hydration rock mineral react with the water and create physical stress on the rocks. As a result, the rocks disintegrate and form powder.
- Biological weathering takes place by the action of plants, animals, and human beings.
- The process of disintegration of rocks by the action of temperature, frost, wind and sea waves is known as mechanical weathering or physical weathering.
(29) Describe the pressure belts of the globe with a neat diagram.
Answer :
There are seven pressure belts found in the atmosphere. They are one equatorial low-pressure belt, 2 sub-tropical high pressure belts, 2 sub- polar low pressure belts and 2 polar high pressure belts.
- Equatoriallow pressure belts– It extends from 0 to 5 degrees north and south of the equator. It receives the sun’s rays directly nearly throughout the year. It is a hot region because of which air expands and rise. It is also known as doldrums.
- Sub-tropical high pressure belts– It is found between 25 to 35 degrees north and south of equator. This is also known as horse latitudes. Here the warm air from the equator cools down and descends.
- Sub-polar low pressure belt– It is found between 60 to 70 degrees north and south of the equator. It is created because of the rotation of the earth. This region observes storminess during the winter season.
- Polar high pressure belt– It is found between 80 to 90 degrees in both the hemispheres. It is a region of low temperature where all the cold air sinks down.
(30) Give an account of topography of the ocean floor.
Answer :
The ocean floor is characterized by various relief features. They are also known as topographical features or submarine features. They are-
- Continental shelf- It is the shallowest part of the ocean and it is the submerged extension of the continent. It varies from 20 to 600 m. It is usually covered with thick deposits of silt, sand, mud etc. It has many ports and harbours, major fishing grounds, and is famous for natural resources like oil and natural gas etc.
- The continental slope- It is the boundary between the continental crust and the oceanic crust. Its depth varies from 200m to 2000m. Submarine canyons are the unique feature of this part of ocean floor.
- The deep-sea plains- It is the largest part of the ocean floor. It lies between 3000 to 6000 m in the ocean floor. Sea mounts, ridges and guyots are the unique features of this region.
- The ocean deep or trench- It is an arc shaped depression in the ocean floor, and it is the deepest part of the ocean. It is the subduction zone between the oceanic crust and the continental crust.
(31) Name the physical divisions of India and explain the coastal plains.
Answer :
India has a great geographical diversity. On the basis of physiography it is divided into following physical divisions- The Northern Mountains, the northern plains, the peninsular plateau and the coastal plains. Peninsular plains are covered on their east and western part by coastal plains. They are known as Eastern coastal plains and western coastal plains respectively. The Indian mainland has a total coastline of 6100 km which spans from Gujarat in the west and West Bengal in the east to the southern tip of India. They are formed by the depositional action of the rivers. Features of coastal plains are-
Western Ghats are of narrow, steep, and rocky terrain with an average elevation of 150 m above sea level. It is a continuous block of mountain and many beaches, sand dunes, lagoons, estuaries, residual hills etc are found here.
- The Gujarat coast is formed by alluvial deposits of the Sabarmati, mahi, and Luni rivers.
- Eastern coastal plains are discontinuous chain of mountains, and it is comparatively broader than the western ghats. It is formed by alluvial deposition.
- Eastern coastal plains feature a straight coastline with many sandy beaches and shingles.
- Many lakes are found in eastern coastal plains like Pulicat lake, Kolleru lake, Chilka lake etc.
- They provide natural and man-made harbours for navigation and harbouring of ships.
- Coastal plains are rich in thorium deposits.
(32) Explain the North Indian Rivers of India.
Answer :
Himalayan rivers are also known as the North Indian rivers. They originate from Himalayan glaciers and are perennial rivers. For example, the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra. They are perennial rivers and melting glaciers is their main source of water. Some common features of Himalayan rivers are –
- They form long and broad valleys of alluvial deposits.
- The area drained by north Indian rivers has good agricultural productivity and they are mostly used for irrigation activities.
- They form big plains and deltas.
- Their point of origin is the Himalayas.
- They usually follow a meandering path and form oxbow lakes.
- They carry huge amounts of sediments.
- River capturing is a common phenomenon
(33) Write briefly about the types of soils found in India.
Answer :
Soil is formed by the weathering of rocks, and it is made up of finer rock particles. Its formation is influenced by climate, vegetation, age of the rocks, parent material and relief. The study of rocks is known as pedology. There are 6 main types of soils-
- Alluvialsoil– It covers 43.36% of the total geographical areas of India, and it is formed by the alluvial deposits of rivers and floodplains. It is mainly distributed over the northern plains. It is also of two types- Khadar, the newer alluvium deposits and the bhangar, older alluvium which is coarse in nature.
- Black soil– It is mostly found in peninsular India and is also known as black cotton soil and regur soil. It is formed by the weathering of basaltic rocks. It is found in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, and is famous for crops like cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, pulses, millets etc.
- Red Soil– It is formed by weathering of granite rocks and is rich in ferrous content. It is found in peninsular India in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh etc.
- Lateritesoil– It is found in hot humid tropical regions and is formed by fragmentation and disintegration of the hilly and mountainous ranges. It is famous for plantation crops like tea, coffee, rubber, cashew nut etc.
- Desert soil– It is also known as arid soil and mainly found in Western and Northwestern India. It has least water holding capacity and rich humus content.
- Mountain soil– It is found in the mountain slopes of hills and mainly in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand regions etc.
(34) Explain the major types of forests of India.
Answer :
India has climatic diversity and has various seasonal patterns. According to these climatic pattern forests are classified into following types-
- Evergreen forests– These are forests which do not shed their leaves in any specific seasons. They are found in regions having high rainfall and temperature. In India it is found in Northeast, western ghats, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, assam etc. Trees found here are rosewood, cedar, shisham, bamboo, toon, gurjan, chaplash etc.
- The deciduous forests– These forests shed their leaves in a certain season. They are home to various endangered animals. They are also classified into two types-
- Moist deciduous forest– They are also known as monsoon forests. They receive an annual rainfall between 100 to 200 cm, and they are found in the eastern slopes of western ghats, chota Nagpur plateau and Siwalik mountains etc. Trees like teak, sandalwood, Sal, Khair, ebony, jackfruit etc.
- Thedrydeciduousforest– They are also known as grasslands are found in areas having less rainfall. Trees like Sal, acacia, bamboo etc. are found here. It is found in deccan plateau, southeast Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana etc.
- Coniferousforest– They are found in mountainous regions. Trees found here have pointed leaves and they are cone shaped. Oak, fir, pine, spruce, silver fir, deodar, juniper etc are found here.
- Desertforest– They are also known as arid forests. It is found in areas having low rainfall. Thorny bushes, shrubs, dry grass, acacia, cacti, and babul etc. are found here.
- Mangroveforests– They are found in river deltas in eastern ghats and in Kachchh, Kathiawar and Gulf of Cambay. Mangrove vegetation is important for coastal areas as they provide protections against harmful tidal waves and coastal erosion.
(IV) Answer any one of the following. 10×1=10
(35) Explain the important types of Rocks with suitable examples.
Answer :
Rocks are the solid structures found in earth’s crust. These are formed by the aggregation of minerals. The scientific study of rocks is known as Petrology. Lithosphere is the upper most layer of the earth which is formed by rocks. There are three types of rocks-
- Igneousrocks– The rocks of volcanic origin are known as igneous rocks. They are formed in contact with lava. There are two types of igneous rocks- Intrusive igneous rocks which are formed inside the earth’s crust and the extrusive igneous rocks which are formed by the solidification of lava on the surface of earth’s crust. For example, Granite, Basalt, Gabbro etc.
- Sedimentaryrocks– The rocks which are formed by the accumulation and consolidation of sediments by the action of wind and water are known as sedimentary rocks. For example, sandstone, limestone etc.
- Metamorphicrocks– The rocks which are formed by the metamorphosis of the igneous and sedimentary rocks by the action of the increased temperature and pressure are known as metamorphic rocks. For example, Schist, Slate, marble etc.
(36) Describe the work of river with suitable diagrams.
Answer :
River is an exogenic force which leads to the formation of various landforms. The river course is divided into three categories-
- The upper course– This is also known as the young stage and it is found near the upper source in the mountainous regions. Various landforms are formed in this phase like V-shaped valley, gorge, I shaped valley, canyon, potholes, waterfalls, river capture etc.
- The middle course– It begins when the river enters the plains and plateaus. This is also known as mature stage. In this phase various landforms are created like Meander, ox bow lakes, flood plains, natural levees etc.
- The lower course– In this phase the river reaches its mouth, and the slope is very gentle. Here the speed of the river is very slow, and the deposition work is more prominent. This phase is also known as the old stage. Landforms formed in this phase are distributaries, deltas, estuary etc.
(V) (A) Answer any five of the following in a word or a sentence each. 1×5=5
(37) What is Cartography?
Answer :
Cartography is the scientific study of maps
(38) Define Map.
Answer :
Map is a diagrammatic representation of a part of the earth or the whole of the earth.
(39) What is Scale?
Answer :
Scale is a relationship between the actual distance between two points on the ground and the length on the map.
(40) What is Index?
Answer :
Indexes are the conventional signs and symbols on the maps.
(41) Draw the Geographical symbol of Sea Port.
Answer :